Finally, we discovered that in the mutualism S. Additionally, mutant fitness in the 3-species communities can be predicted by averaging the fitness in each 2-species community. We found that mutualism reduces the average impact of mutations, while competition had no effect. Specifically, does the type of ecological interaction, such as mutualism or competition, change the average effect of a mutation (i.e., the mean of the distribution of fitness effects)? Furthermore, how often does increasing community complexity alter the impact of species interactions on mutant fitness? To address these questions, we created a transposon mutant library in Salmonella enterica and measured the fitness of loss of function mutations in 3,550 genes when grown alone versus competitive co-culture or mutualistic co-culture with Escherichia coli and Methylorubrum extorquens. Understanding how species interactions impact the distribution of fitness effects for a focal population would enhance our ability to predict evolution. Predicting evolution in microbial communities is critical for problems from human health to global nutrient cycling.
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